Electrooptics and electrochemistry research, scientific applications

Calibration Lamps Low Uncertainty Radiation standards with spectrally resolved or spectrally integral calibration allow the tracing back of measuring instruments or other radiators to national and international standards. Low calibration uncertainty With respect to NIST calibrations have basic uncertainties of 1% in the visible range, 2.5% in UV (with 250nm) and 3% in IR (with 2000nm). Furthermore, there is the uncertainty with respect to the calibration of the sampling points for the specific calibration lamps. Sometimes, a calibration uncertainty of +/- 0.5% only can be ensured.

SPECTROMETRIC and SPECTRORADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS Spectrometric Measurements System, Recommended product: new Specbos 2501 with two accessories (Integrating sphere, CIE 127 cond. A/B set up) The following four basic quantities exist in light measurement and can be measured with a complete specbos 2501 system:   Quantity Symbol   Unit Simplified definition Used to characterise ... Luminous flux lm "optical power" into all directions Halogen lamps, LEDs Luminous intensity cd (basic unit) Point like sources as LEDs and lamps with reflector Luminance cd/m2 Homogenious sources as monitors and video walls Illuminance lx Brightness in a certain plane   A street lamp emits a luminous flux (Φv), and part of this flux is radiated into a specific angle (Ω). The quotient of this flux is the luminous intensity (Iv), which determines how much light is directed in a given direction. This intensity then creates the illuminance/irradiance (Ev) on a specific area of the street. Together with the street's reflectivity, this value generates the luminance (Lv), which is the visual impression of the street for an observer. Photometric and Radiometric Quantities These four quantities—luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance, and luminance—can also be considered as radiometric quantities, which are physical properties not directly related to human vision. These quantities can be measured either as spectral quantities (per nanometer) or as total quantities (summed over the entire wavelength range). For a more detailed explanation, see the extended scheme of photometric and radiometric quantities in Technical Note 20. Spectral Measurement with the Specbos 2501 System A Spectrometric Measurements System measures the spectral radiometric quantities within its operational wavelength range. This spectrum is then used to calculate all photometric, total radiometric, and other quantities. The basic unit, the specbos 2501 spectroradiometer, can measure both spectral radiance and spectral irradiance. It can be paired with an integrating sphere for flux measurements and with a CIE 127 setup to measure the radiant intensity of LEDs. Additionally, the spectrometer can use irradiance data and apply the inverse square law to calculate radiant intensity (see the application on radiant intensity calculation using irradiance measurement). Thus, the specbos system covers all spectral spot measurement applications in laboratory settings, making it ideal as a fundamental piece of laboratory equipment.

LMK Imaging Photometer (Imaging Colorimeter) LMK imaging photometer systems are photometrically calibrated measurement cameras and today wide spread for light and color measurements fulfilling the requirements of DIN EN 13032, DIN 5032 and DIN 5033. They are providing valuable advantages: The time needed is considerably reduced Many measurement spots are captured at the same time for complex light distributions e.g. for a measurement grid as a function of positions or viewing directions. Objects can be measured supplementary The data are saved in formats of images whereas data can be measured even at positions orginially not being of interest. Also for the use in automated processes Autonomous measurements controlled by sequences or software interfaces allow the measurement of complexe light distributions also for applications in process control, with motorized positioning units and other.

PHOTO ANALYTICAL offers measuring systems and measuring heads to capture different integral radiometric and photometric parameters. System solutions from handheld devices up to setups for laboratories Among others, the parameters to be captured are radiant flux (luminous flux), irradiance (illuminance), radiance (luminance), radiant intensity (luminous intensity) and transmission.

Batteries: Primary vs. Secondary Batteries are energy-storage devices broadly categorized into primary and secondary types. Primary batteries provide a single discharge cycle, while secondary batteries are rechargeable, making them ideal for repeated use. Li-Ion Batteries: Leading the Charge Among various battery technologies, Li-ion batteries are at the forefront, thanks to their high operating voltage of up to 5 volts. Emerging technologies like Li-Air promise even higher theoretical capacities. Cyclic Voltammetry plays a crucial role in developing these materials, identifying potential windows, and exploring new electrolytes. The PARSTAT 3000A: Optimized for Research The Princeton Applied Research PARSTAT 3000A is designed with a compact form factor, making it ideal for glovebox installation. With BNC connections compatible with glovebox feedthroughs, this potentiostat is perfectly suited for cutting-edge research. The VersaSCAN platform further enhances research capabilities, offering localized techniques to characterize Li-intercalation mechanisms and Solid-Electrolyte Interface (SEI) formation. Evaluating Secondary Batteries The goal of secondary battery research is to achieve high cycle-life, efficiency, and energy density. Researchers combine new materials into complete cells, evaluating them through Charge-Discharge experiments. Constant Current – Constant Voltage (CC-CV) techniques ensure a fully charged state by holding the battery at its charge cutoff potential. Measuring Battery Performance Key metrics include Capacity vs. Cycle Number and Coulombic Efficiency (Qin/Qout), which quantify a battery's performance over time. The PARSTATs and VersaSTATS Battery Holders facilitate direct connection to the potentiostat, minimizing stray capacitance and inductance, resulting in cleaner signals and improved lab conditions. Multichannel Platforms: Efficiency in Research Given that single cycles can last hours and >1000 cycles may be needed, multichannel platforms like PARSTAT MC (PMC-2000A) offer predictive screening and improved throughput, making them invaluable in research. State-of-Charge and State-of-Health Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is increasingly used to determine a battery's State-of-Charge and State-of-Health. Princeton Applied Research and Solartron Analytical provide comprehensive tools for these measurements, helping to identify Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) and other key performance indicators. Fuel Cell Research Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy, offering a clean, continuous power source. Research focuses on improving efficiency and performance across various types, including PEM, SOFC, and emerging technologies. Princeton Applied Research and Solartron Analytical offer solutions like the PARSTAT 3000A-DX bipotentiostat and ModuLab XM ECS, ideal for both materials analysis and complete fuel cell evaluation. Princeton Applied Research and Solartron Analytical provide the precision tools necessary for advanced research in batteries and fuel cells. Their products, including the PARSTAT 4000A and ModuLab XM ECS, offer unmatched accuracy and versatility for researchers aiming to push the boundaries of energy technology.

Optimized Content: Electrochemical Coatings Evaluation Electrochemical Coatings Evaluation plays a vital role in assessing the behavior and properties of coated or painted materials. Organic coatings act as a barrier between the electrode and the environment, preventing electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is the leading technique to analyze these coatings, separating and evaluating processes such as: Water uptake through pores. Blistering. Delamination. Corrosion of the underlying metal. Key Evaluation Techniques Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): EIS assigns current to different processes, offering a comprehensive analysis of coating performance. Localized Electrochemical Measurements: These techniques investigate non-uniform corrosion and mechanisms, with applications such as: Scratch tests on organic coatings. Localized corrosion analysis. Specialized Test Cells: K0235 Flat Cell: Designed for flat samples with controlled exposure. K0047 Corrosion Cell: Meets ASTM standards for electrochemical corrosion testing. Main Instruments for Coating Evaluation VersaSTAT and PARSTAT: Equipped with onboard frequency response analyzers (FRA) for EIS measurements. ModuLab XM: Features a card-based FRA for industry-leading EIS precision. These tools ensure high accuracy, even for extremely low currents, making them indispensable for Electrochemical Coatings Evaluation. Advanced Applications Galvanic Corrosion: Evaluates two dissimilar metals in contact within an electrolyte. Zero Resistance Ammeter (ZRA): Controls electrode potentials to simulate real-world contact. Electrochemical Noise Experiments: Study localized attacks and their effects on identical materials. Tribocorrosion: Combines electrochemical corrosion with mechanical wear, such as in oxide coatings scratched during operation. Floating Mode Operation: Essential for testing grounded electrodes or samples with multiple grounding points, eliminating ground loops and ensuring reliable data. Automation and Integration Automation is a crucial feature, enabling seamless integration with tools like LabView or .NET-based controls. The VersaStudio platform supports: External DAC/ADC inputs. TTL signals. Custom GUI actions for efficient, automated testing. Electrochemical Coatings Evaluation is critical for understanding coating behavior and preventing issues like corrosion, delamination, and blistering. With advanced tools such as EIS, specialized test cells, and automated platforms, researchers can achieve accurate, high-quality results across various applications.